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Practical consideration for design and optimization of the step feed process

Shijian GE, Yongzhen PENG, Congcong LU, Shuying WANG

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2013, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 135-142 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0454-3

Abstract: Based on the anoxic/oxic (A/O) step feed process, a modified University of Cape Town (UCT) step feed process was developed by adding an anaerobic zone and adjusting sludge return pipeline. Performance evaluation of these two types of processes was investigated by optimizing operational parameters, such as the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic volumes, internal recycle ratios, and sludge retention times, for removal of chemical oxygen demanding (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus. Results showed high removal efficiencies of COD of (85.0±1.7)%, ammonium of (99.7±0.2)%, total nitrogen (TN) of (85.5±1.7)%, phosphorus of (95.1±3.3)%, as well as excellent sludge settleability with average sludge volume index of (83.7±9.5) L·mg in the modified UCT process. Moreover, (61.5±6.0)% of influent COD was efficiently involved in denitrification or phosphorus release process. As much as 35.3% of TN was eliminated through simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process in aerobic zones. In addition, the presence of denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DNPAOs), accounting for approximately 39.2% of PAOs, was also greatly beneficial to the nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Consequently, the modified UCT step feed process was more attractive for the wastewater treatment plant, because it had extremely competitive advantages such as higher nutrient removal efficiencies, lower energy and dosages consumption, excellent settling sludge and operational assurance.

Keywords： step feed anoxic/oxic (A/O) University of Cape Town (UCT) simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) denitrifying phosphorus removal biological nutrient removal (BNR)

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Design considerations and experimental studies on semi-active smart pin joint

Yancheng LI, Jianchun LI, Bijan SAMALI, Jiong WANG,

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2009, Volume 4, Issue 4, Pages 363-370 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0074-1

Abstract: In this paper, design and testing of a semi-active magnetorheological (MR) pin joint, in which the momentDesign of prototype smart pin joints includes theoretical analysis related to the radius of the rotary

Keywords： magnetorheological (MR) fluids smart pin joint design consideration

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Process synthesis with simultaneous consideration of inherent safety-inherent risk footprint

Andreja Nemet, Jiří J. Klemeš, Zdravko Kravanja

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2018, Volume 12, Issue 4, Pages 745-762 doi: 10.1007/s11705-018-1779-7

Abstract: Inherent safety can effectively be enhanced in the early stages of the design, when the main decisionson process design are made.

Keywords： inherent safety process design simultaneous risk assessment risk footprint methanol process

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The fundamental theory of traditional Chinese medicine and the consideration in its research strategy

Zhenji Li, Chunbo Xu

Frontiers of Medicine 2011, Volume 5, Issue 2, Pages 208-211 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0126-x

Abstract: Stressing the uniqueness and complexity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory system, this paper analyzes the characteristics of TCM as a discipline from four perspectives: scientific nature, fundamental theory, clinical practice, and pharmacological action. It suggests that when the research strategy of TCM theory is designed, the core theory of TCM should be emphasized on the theoretical research on TCM original thinking theory, TCM theory, Chinese materia medica and formulas, acupuncture and moxibustion, meridians and collaterals, and other related fields. Researchers and practitioners should ensure that the basic research on TCM theory is based on clinical practice, research methods (both traditional and contemporary) are exploited, and methodological innovation is underscored. The rule of TCM development should be followed and the characteristics and advantages of TCM carried forward. Meanwhile, the methods and theory of contemporary science and technology should be exploited to fulfill the goal of inheriting, enriching, and developing the fundamental theory of TCM.

Keywords： fundamental theory traditional Chinese medicine research strategy

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Basic consideration of research strategies for head and neck cancer

Jin Gao, Ben Panizza, Newell W. Johnson, Scott Coman, Alan R. Clough

Frontiers of Medicine 2012, Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 339-353 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0213-7

Abstract:

Head and neck cancer (HNC) consists of a group of malignancies affecting closely related anatomical regions of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), including the oral cavity, salivary glands, upper and lower jaw bones and facial skin; the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx and thyroid gland (although the latter is often excluded and considered as part of endocrine neoplasms). Of these, 90% of HNCs are histologically squamous cell carcinomas originating from the mucosal lining. These malignancies are strongly associated with certain environmental and life-style risk factors, principally tobacco in both smoked and smokeless forms, excessive alcohol consumption, diets poor in antioxidants and essential micronutrients, UV light, chemicals used in certain workplaces, and viruses, principally certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). These cancers are frequently aggressive in their biological behaviour with local invasion and metastasis to lymph nodes in the neck. Since most patients are already at late stages of disease at the time of diagnosis, the desirable practice of early diagnosis (first sign of the malignant lesion at an initial stage ) and early treatment, a critical priority to save lives and retain quality of life, is difficult to implement. Thus, primary prevention has been set as a key goal. This article aims to reinforce the basic knowledge of aetiology, key risk factors related to the development of head and neck cancer, basic features of clinical appearance of this group of cancers, and strategies for prevention and early detection. We also suggest basic research strategies on the basis of current knowledge, which should ultimately lead to the improvement of clinical management.

Keywords： clinical management head and neck cancer prevention and early detection research strategies risk factors

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Modeling of the minimum cutting thickness in micro cutting with consideration of the friction around

Tianfeng ZHOU, Ying WANG, Benshuai RUAN, Zhiqiang LIANG, Xibin WANG

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2020, Volume 15, Issue 1, Pages 81-88 doi: 10.1007/s11465-019-0561-y

Abstract: Friction modeling between the tool and the workpiece plays an important role in predicting the minimum cutting thickness during TC4 micro machining and finite element method (FEM) cutting simulation. In this study, a new three-region friction modeling is proposed to illustrate the material flow mechanism around the friction zone in micro cutting; estimate the stress distributions on the rake, edge, and clearance faces of the tool; and predict the stagnation point location and the minimum cutting thickness. The friction modeling is established by determining the distribution of normal and shear stress. Then, it is applied to calculate the stagnation point location on the edge face and predict the minimum cutting thickness. The stagnation point and the minimum cutting thickness are also observed and illustrated in the FEM simulation. Micro cutting experiments are conducted to validate the accuracy of the friction and the minimum cutting thickness modeling. Comparison results show that the proposed friction model illustrates the relationship between the normal and sheer stress on the tool surface, thereby validating the modeling method of the minimum cutting thickness in micro cutting.

Keywords： tool friction minimum cutting thickness finite element method tool edge radius micro cutting

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Fuzzy stochastic long-term model with consideration of uncertainties for deployment of distributed energy

Iraj AHMADIAN,Oveis ABEDINIA,Noradin GHADIMI

Frontiers in Energy 2014, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages 412-425 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0315-9

Abstract: This paper presents a novel modified interactive honey bee mating optimization (IHBMO) base fuzzy stochastic long-term approach for determining optimum location and size of distributed energy resources (DERs). The Monte Carlo simulation method is used to model the uncertainties associated with long-term load forecasting. A proper combination of several objectives is considered in the objective function. Reduction of loss and power purchased from the electricity market, loss reduction in peak load level and reduction in voltage deviation are considered simultaneously as the objective functions. First, these objectives are fuzzified and designed to be comparable with each other. Then, they are introduced into an IHBMO algorithm in order to obtain the solution which maximizes the value of integrated objective function. The output power of DERs is scheduled for each load level. An enhanced economic model is also proposed to justify investment on DER. An IEEE 30-bus radial distribution test system is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Keywords： component distributed energy resources fuzzy optimization loss reduction interactive honey bee mating optimization (IHBMO) voltage deviation reduction stochastic programming

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Performance of soft-hard-soft (SHS) cement based composite subjected to blast loading with consideration

Jun WU,Xuemei LIU

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2015, Volume 9, Issue 3, Pages 323-340 doi: 10.1007/s11709-015-0301-2

Abstract: This paper presents a combined experimental and numerical study on the damage and performance of a soft-hard-soft (SHS) multi-layer cement based composite subjected to blast loading which can be used for protective structures and infrastructures to resist extreme loadings, and the composite consists of three layers of construction materials including asphalt concrete (AC) on the top, high strength concrete (HSC) in the middle, and engineered cementitious composites (ECC) at the bottom. To better characterize the material properties under dynamic loading, interface properties of the composite were investigated through direct shear test and also used to validate the interface model. Strain rate effects of the asphalt concrete were also studied and both compressive and tensile dynamic increase factor (DIF) curves were improved based on split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test. A full-scale field blast test investigated the blast behavior of the composite materials. The numerical model was established by taking into account the strain rate effect of all concrete materials. Furthermore, the interface properties were also considered into the model. The numerical simulation using nonlinear finite element software LS-DYNA agrees closely with the experimental data. Both the numerical and field blast test indicated that the SHS composite exhibited high resistance against blast loading.

Keywords： high strength concrete (SHS) engineered cementitious composite interface blast test strain rate effect

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Virtual reality system of manned maneuvering unit taking into consideration the disturbance from an astronaut

CHENG Jian, FAN Xiu-min, XU An, HONG Xin, HUANG Wei-dong

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2006, Volume 1, Issue 3, Pages 282-287 doi: 10.1007/s11465-006-0042-y

Abstract: This paper describes a manned maneuvering unit (MMU) virtual reality system. Based on the dynamics/kinematics model of an astronaut equipped with an MMU, a disturbance model of the astronaut s arms under zero gravity conditions is developed. After measuring three initial-position information, the astronaut s arms tracking information is inputted by some tracker setting on an operator using real-time emendation and correction. Finally, the paper presents two different results between loading and unloading the disturbance model within the progress of simulation. From the different results, we find that the motion of an astronaut s arms has greater influence over space walking with the same control mode. The MMU virtual reality provides a new method for the simulation of real space walking, and also a perfect method for developing prototype MMU.

Keywords： real-time emendation disturbance maneuvering MMU correction

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Strategic consideration on China’s mining modernization

Yu Runcang

Strategic Study of CAE 2012, Volume 14, Issue 3, Pages 27-36

Abstract:

The paper explores three important points and development strategies for realization of mining modernization. To control resources is the basic competitive power; constitution of mining-ecology engineering must be enforced for mining enterprises; information building would completely change the mine feature.

Keywords： China’s mining modernization development strategy

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Practice and Consideration on CAPP

Li Peigen,Zhang Guojun

Strategic Study of CAE 2005, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 13-16

Abstract:

Computer aided process planning (CAPP) has been regarded as not only an important research area for the informatization on shop-floor level, which presently remains a relatively weaker sector in information-based manufacturing, but also a bridge across the informatization of shop-floor and enterprise levels. For its wide spectrum of tasks with vast amount of contents involved, as well as for its strong necessity in customization to different manufacturing sectors and various manufacturing processes, CAPP has met with difficulties in generalization and commercialization. On the other hand, due to its position as cross point among various manufacturing activities, it has been proven difficult in integrating with other enterprise application systems. This paper introduces some advancements in the R&D of CAPP, including the application of framework technology in the development of an open architecture CAPP platform, system integration based on BOM transformation, as well as promoting the application of CAPP thorough solving typical problems for some specific industries. In addition, some trends in the R&D of CAPP are also pointed out, i.e., quantified analysis and parameter setting, CAPP based on 3D models and CAPP for shop-floor applications are important directins for further R&D in this area.

Keywords： manufacturing informatization CAPP

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The New Consideration of the Hydropower Installed Capacity

Xiong Kaizhi,Cheng Liqin

Strategic Study of CAE 2007, Volume 9, Issue 8, Pages 26-29

Abstract:

This paper investigates the load development of power systems, the characteristics of the hydropower, and the tremendous advantages of the hydropower in peak adjusting of power systems. Using the East China power system as an illustrative example,the inconsistencies in the calculating principle of the hydropower installed capacity and the demand of the power system are assested. A new calculating principle that minimizes the cost of the power system is proposed. The effect of the new calculating principle on the hydropower installed capacity is evaluated by using a real case. The analysis provides significant insights in calculating the installed capacity of large hydropower in China.

Keywords： hydropower installed capacity peak adjusting power system

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A Consideration of Agriculture and Agricultural Science

Liu Gengling

Strategic Study of CAE 2004, Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 26-29

Abstract:

This article explores the importance of agriculture in line with development of society. It uses examples of high productivity achieved in grain and cotton crops in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang areas to show that the fundamental objective of agricultural science is to maximize crops through the most effective use of soil, fertilizer and water in gaining the greatest benefit from power of the sun. Agricultural science should take up relevant theories and methodologies from other sciences, such as biological science, earth science and economics. The use of information technology will have great benefits for agricultural science. It hopes the scientific communities of China can make a significant contribution to solving the problems facing our rural areas, farmers and agriculture itself.

Keywords： agriculture agricultural sciences

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Consideration About Further Development of Firepower System of Next Generation of Tank Gun

Meng Shenfei

Strategic Study of CAE 2000, Volume 2, Issue 6, Pages 12-15

Abstract: confrontation and to strengthen the basic research of firepower technology and the advanced research of design

Keywords： tank gun firepower system proposal for further development

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Consideration on seismic safety of dams in China after the Wenchuan Earthquake

Chen Houqun

Strategic Study of CAE 2009, Volume 11, Issue 6, Pages 44-53

Abstract:

In this paper the damages and behaviors of dams, especially for the 4 dams with a height over 100 m, in the area affected by the devastative Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12, are briefly described. The lessons concerning dam safety learnt from the quake are preliminarily drawn. Some critical problems related to the seismic safety of dams in China are discussed. The strategic priority of dam safety for large dam in China and the corresponding tactics to overcome its main obstacles are suggested. Finally, some suggestions and comments for improving seismic safety of dams in China are provided.

Keywords： Wenchuan Earthquake safety of dams reservoir earthquake strategic priority